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Algebra: Surds and Indices

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Practice Questions

Concept Explanation

Indices (exponents) follow laws of powers. Surds are irrational roots, usually square roots, simplified using root laws.

Index Laws

  • am × an = am+n
  • am ÷ an = am−n
  • (am)n = amn
  • a0 = 1 (a ≠ 0); a−n = 1/an

Surd Laws

  • √(ab) = √a × √b
  • √(a/b) = √a / √b
  • Rationalization: multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate surd.

Example

1/(√5 − 2) = (√5 + 2) / [(√5)² − 2²] = √5 + 2.

Common Trap

√(a + b) ≠ √a + √b. Do not split sums under a root.